My Vision Of The Social Work Field - 906 Words

My vision of the social work field is being able to help people in need and being the person that people can look back on and remember as a huge help in time of need. I think my core values and beliefs will help me be an effective social worker and help me succeed in this field. It is in my belief that a person should never be knocked down when they are going through hardships, and rather empowering them. I also believe that not everyone could be a social worker because it takes a certain kind of empathetic and self-aware person. I truly believe that my upbringing has humbled me to understand and not be judgmental of people’s issues since I’ve seen a lot in my short twenty-one years. I think a core value that aligns and is very useful in the field that I acquire is being aware of a person’s dignity and worth. I am the kind of person that treats a very wealthy person and a homeless person equally, I don’t believe that people are better than others in any ci rcumstance. I also grew up in an extremely diverse community which has allowed me to think broadly and not have a person’s culture, ethnicity, or other differences effect my perception of them. â€Å"Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individual differences and cultural and ethnic diversity† (NASW, 2008). I think this is one of the most important values in social work because a worker simply cannot provide the best service if their differences can’t be put to the side. I believeShow MoreRelatedHuman Services Leadership Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesin which you currently work, or would like to work. ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper addressing why ethics and ethical leadership is important in that field. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the moral responsibilities you would have as a leader in your field of focus. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop a moral vision or road map that would guide you as a human service leader. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incorporate your personal values and the particular ethics of your chosen field into that moral vision. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Think aboutRead MoreAn Interview With The Macarthur Foundation1551 Words   |  7 Pagesher photographic works, Carrie Mae Weems explores a multitude of issues, including (but not only) gender, social-class and race. 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Compare and Contrast Two Main Model of Brief Therapy Essay...

Modern day counselling is equipped with a wide variety of therapies, techniques and approaches. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two approaches of therapy. Also in this essay the views of the person and the Therapeutic process will be discussed. The two models that are going to be compared are Gerald Egan’s The Skilled Helper model and Steve De-Shazer’s Solution Focused Brief therapy (SFBT). This essay is going to highlight the similarly and differences of the models and their main focus, and how the two models Gerald Egan The Skilled Helper and Steve De-Shazer Solution Focused Therapy will help the clients choose goals that best fit their environment and resources. The aim of using these models is to help people.†¦show more content†¦This is the ‘how’ stage. How will the client move forward with the goals that they have identified in the previous stage? The counsellor will assist the client in finding ways of achieving their goals and how to focus on those that are practical in terms of the client situation and needs. The basic goals in the skilled helper model is relating to the clients is managing their lives more effectively and general ability to manage problems and develop opportunities. The view of the client in this model is that they are central to the therapy. (The client is the focus and the theory is the background and to use the model for the client, rather thee reverse). These stages outlines what the client needs to do in order to manage a problem or develop an opportunity, clients don`t always take one step after another they can move back and forth in the stages. The stages are not always sequential they are stepping stones towards the accomplishment of reaching a goal. Working with Gerald Egan the Skilled Helper Model also allows the client to moves forwards as each stage consist of specific skills that will assist, also it encourages clients to become active interpreters of the world around them, the Skilled Helper Model gives meaning to action, event and situations by facing and overcoming challenges exploring problems seeking new opportunities and establishing goals. Also the Skilled Helper Model will contribute toShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Main Principles in Any Two of the Followingpsychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy or Humanistic Therapy1584 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Assignment 1 â€Å"Compare and contrast the main principles in any two of the followingPsychological therapies: psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy or humanistic therapy.† Over the detritus of centuries, mental illnesses (such as anxiety, depression and personality disorder) have been a major contentious topic, especially in the medieval times in which religion centered, cultural and traditional influenced people deemed these exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology asRead MoreInfluence on Behaviors and Psychological Disorders Outline2473 Words   |  10 PagesPsychological Disorders Outline I. Introduction â€Å"Recent data estimate the overall prevalence of depression at about 11.1% of the American population, or nearly 35 million individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). A predictive models suggest that up to 50% of the population will experience at least one episode of depression during their lives† (Life Extension, 2014). Depression has negatively affected the lives of many individuals throughout the world. Look around you there mayRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory and Psychodynamic Theory Essay1840 Words   |  8 Pagescognitive behavioural theory and psychodynamic theory. This will include the history of each theory and the theorists that discovered and developed both. I am going to link each theory to where they fit in Payne’s Triangle of Social Work as well as compare and contrast each theory. Both Cognitive behavioural theory and psychodynamic theory both support the purposes of social work in which I will cover beneath. 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Additional positive emotions, such as ambitious and inspired fall into an â€Å"other† category. Negative affect is described as having four main categories, including (1) depressed-sad, anxiety, anger, (2) contempt, (3) sense of fatigue, and (4) other or combinations of negativeRead MoreConcussions Are Becoming Less Of An Issue Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesto better procedures and management. Many kids who are into contact sports will receive a concussion at some point in their career. This became a serious issue around the early 1990s and is now one of the most serious issues in today s sports. The main concern is trying to know when kids are ready to get back onto the field. Coaches, doctors, and parents are getting worried about the safety of their kids and are skeptical about letting them continue in sports. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is theRead MoreThe Workplace Of An Occupational Therapist Essay2111 Words   |  9 Pageslives to helping those in need carry out essential day-to-day actions. When questioned, â€Å"What is Occupational Therapy?† The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. (AOTA) indicated, â€Å"Occupational therapy practitioners a sk, ‘What matters to you?’ not, ‘What s the matter with you?’† While there are various different aspects in the realm of Occupational Therapy, this report will allow brief background information on the occupation, how and who with occupational therapists communicate in the workplaceRead MoreFamily Therapy Practice With Adult Focussed3320 Words   |  14 PagesFAMILY THERAPY PRACTICE WITH ADULT FOCUSSED PROBLEMS- REVIEW Ms. Sherin Yohannan1, Mr. Mathew M. Varghese2, Dr.R.Parthasarathy3 Abstract: Background: Adults are the individuals who have completed their growth and are ready to assume their status in the society. These adults pass their different phases from early adulthood to late adulthood. These adults are vulnerable and prone to various mental health issues. The mental health issues could be marital distress and divorce, psychosexual problemsRead MoreJuxtaposition Of Adlerian Therapy And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesJuxtaposition of Adlerian Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is widely known and utilized in the psychological field; however, Adlerian therapy, also known as individual psychology, is not universally known yet has roots that appear in CBT. In fact, Albert Ellis, founder of CBT, has acknowledged that Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, was one of the earliest therapists to emphasize the importance of understanding people’s thoughts, their observationsRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Psychoanalytic and Existential/Humanistic Perspectives4364 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction This essay is about comparing and contrasting two out of the eight personality theories commonly used to decipher one’s personality. Those two are the psychoanalytic perspective and the existential/humanistic perspective. Both perspectives are equally important as they play a major role in understanding personality in different ways and explaining them as well. Freud’s psychoanalysis helps us to understand the individual’s personality from its early years right up to adulthood while

Union Carbide Disaster Bhopal, India Free Essays

Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India On December 3, 1984 just three miles from the City of Bhopal.. An American owned Union Carbide Pesticide Plant leaked Toxic gas in to the air killing over Hundreds of people right away. We will write a custom essay sample on Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mr. Y P Gokhale, managing director of Union Carbide in India said, â€Å"That a Methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plant’s underground storage tank broke under pressure. The leak was caused by a series of mechanical and human errors in the pesticide producing plant. For a full hour the plant’s personnel and safety equipment failed to detect the massive leak, and when the alarm was sound most of the harm was already done. What was worse was that local health officials had not been educated on the toxicity of the chemicals used at the Union Carbide plant therefore there were no emergency procedures in place to protect the people of Bhopal. Panic broke out in the city of Bhopal and the areas surrounding more then tens of thousands of people attempted to escape. More then 20,000 people required hospital symptoms including swollen eyes, frothing at the mouth and breathing difficulties. There we thousands of dead animals just covering the streets of Bhopal. The Indian government sued Union Carbide in a civil case and settled in 1989 for 470 million dollars. The Union Carbide which shut down its Bhopal plant after the disaster has yet to clean up the site completely. More then thousands of people died instantly and over 2,000 people died during the aftermath. In 1999 a voluntary group in Bhopal which believed not enough had been done to help the victims, filed a lawsuite in the United States claiming that Union Carbide violated international law and human rights. In November of 2000 Warren Anderson was charged of â€Å"Culpable homicide† for cost cutting at the plant which is alleged to have compromised safety Standards. In 2004 the Indian Supreme Court approved a compensation plan drawn up to help more the 570,000 Victims of the disaster. The welfare commission paid well over 350 million dollars. The Bhopal disaster in 1984 was one of the worst industrial accidents in history. However after 3 decades later toxic waste is still being stored on the site under poor conditions. Today the people in Bhopal still live with the consequences of the gas cloud and are still fighting for compensation. Almost 28 years after the accident, a group of cabinet ministers in New Delhi decided to sign over the disposal of the toxic waste from Bhopal to the German technicians. The old factory in Bhopal with its rusty tanks and dilapidated clusters of buildings, is like a ghost factory. People in the area of Bhopal are still dying from the toxic gas leak more then 300,000 have died from it over the years and more are expected to die as well. This was one of the deadliest Toxic gas leaks in the world I can’t believe that this happen. And what hurts the most is that it took them over 28 years to finally take care of the matter and I doubt its all just quiet yet as they are hitting the 29th year since the gas leak. Germany was nice to move in and help them out by taking this stuff and getting rid of it for them. I on the other hand think something should have been done about it many of years ago. On the 20th anniversary of the Mascara a man claim to have said that the Company Dow was going to pick up the waste and get rid of it. When the news people called to ask the man question there was no one by that name that had worked for them and that the guy was an imposter that they had no intention to pick up the waste. Work Cited 1. http://www. spiegel. de/international/world/germany-plans-to-dispose-of-bhopal-toxic-waste-a-840791. html 2. http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/india/bhopal/index. html 3. http://www. history. com/this-day-in-history/the-bhopal-union-carbide-disaster 4. http://news. bbc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709. stm How to cite Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India, Essay examples

Drunk Driving Stopping Repeat Offenders Essay Example For Students

Drunk Driving Stopping Repeat Offenders Essay Drunk Driving: Stopping Repeat Offenders How long must it be and how many people must die before we make the punishment for drunk driving fit the deadly serious crime that it is. If America is serious about putting an end to drunk driving, the first thing we must do is to stop calling it an accident. When someone decides to get drunk and then get behind the wheel of a car, it is anything but accidental. It is a deliberate act of irresponsibility that often ends in unspeakable violence. Drunk driving all too often results in a crash, a casualty, a tragedy. It is still legally a crime, even if the driver makes it home without hurting anyone. Driving is not a right, it is a privilege that carries a number of responsibilities, including safety for yourself and others. If you violate those responsibilities, you dont deserve to drive. Someone is killed in an alcohol-related crash every thirty minutes on our roads. During the holiday season, the rate goes up alarmingly. Repeat offenders, the ones most likely to kill someone, are let off with little or no punishment and allowed to continue drinking and driving. In an effort to curtail the damage that these repeat offenders cause, I propose the following solutions. If youre pulled over and the breathalyzer test indicates that your blood alcohol level is over the legal limit, or if you refuse to take the test, your license is taken away on the spot. John Gavin agrees that Since it is estimated that only one out of two thousand drunk drivers actually is arrested, the key to solving this problem is convincing people not to operate a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in the first place. Losing a license is a greater deterrent than paying a fine or even going to jail for a short time (67). The fact is that most people depend on the automobile. If you lost your license, you suddenly have to find a new way to get to work. You cant even get to the store. Your life is changed completely. This in it self would deter criminals and protect the public. Yet it is only one part of the total solution. Drunk driving is a crime of unique proportions. Few offenses are as horrifying, yet none is easier to commit. The typical weapons are not involved. No planning is required. Malicious intent is not necessary. That is why it will take each of us, using every tool at our disposal, to see it defeated. Bibliography: Works Cited Ceppos, Rich. Get out of my car. Car and Driver Dec. 1990:24. Drunk-driving penalties: a state-by-state report. Good Housekeeping Jul. 1990:186-187. Gage, Richard. A Call For New Curbs On Teens. US News World Report Mar. 15, 1993:15. Gavin, John. The U.S. Can Put an End to DRUNK DRIVING. USA Today Mar. 1992:66-68. Jacobs, James B. Drunk Driving An American Dilemma. SADD Saves Lives. Prevention Aug. 1991:13. Zeman, Ned and Howard, Lucy. Still Drinking, Still Driving. Newsweek Oct. 19, 1992:8. .

Functional Level Strategy Essay Example

Functional Level Strategy Essay The Mission Mission which indicates the purpose and activities of the business, for example, The following table contrasts hard and soft mission statements. Hard| Soft| What business is/does Primary products/services Key processes amp; technologies Main customer groups Primary markets/segments Principal channels/outlets| Reason for existence Competitive advantages Unique/distinctive features Important philosophical/social issues Image, quality, style, standards Stakeholder concerns| Compare the following statements: Hard Statement| Soft Statement| X Corp. designs, develops, assembles and markets systems for data base management. These systems integrate its proprietary operating system software with hardware supplied by major manufacturers, and are sold to small, medium and large-sized companies for a range of business applications. Its systems are distinguished by a sophisticated operating system, which permits use without trained data-processing personnel. | Our mission is to enhance our customers business by providing the very highest quality products and services possible. Our customer support strategy is based upon total, no-compromise customer satisfaction and we continually strive to offer a complete package of up-to-date value added solutions to meet our customers needs. We value above all our long term customer relations. | Intels original plan,The company will engage in research, development, and manufacture and sales of integrated electronic structures to fulfill the needs of electronic systems manufacturers. This will include thin films, thick films, semiconductor devices, and We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A variety of processes will be established, both at a laboratory and production level as well as the development and manufacture of special processing and test equipment required to carry out these processes. Products may include dioded transistors . Principal customers for these products are expected to be the manufacturers of advanced electronic systems .. It is anticipated that many of these customers will be located outside California. EVERY BUSINESS UNIT DEVELOPS FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR EACH MAJOR DEPARTMENT Functional-level strategy according to the text Organizational Theory, Design, and Change by Gareth R. Jones, is a plan of action to strengthen an organizations functional and organizational resources, as well as its coordination abilities, in order to create core competencies. * MARKETING STRATEGY * FINANCIAL STRATEGY * RESEARCH amp; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY * OPERATIONS STRATEGY * PURCHASING STRATEGY * LOGISTICS STRATEGY * HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGY * INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY MARKET PENETRATION STRATEGY Stay in current markets with existing products) INCREASE RATE OF PURCHASE/CONSUMPTION ATTRACT RIVAL’S CUSTOMERS BUY OUT RIVALS CONVERT NON-USERS INTO CURRENT USERS MARKET DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Find new markets for current products) ENTER NEW GEOGRAPHICAL MARKETS FIND NEW USES FOR EXISTING PRODUCTS FIND NEW TARGET MARKETS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Develop new products for existing markets) IMPROVE FEATURES IMPROVE QUALITY/RELIABILITY/DURABILITY ENHANCE AESTHETICS/STYLING THE 4 â€Å"P’S† OF MARKETING * * MARKETING MIX ISSUES * Product Strategy Specifying the exact product or service to be offered * New or existing product? †¦for new or existing customers? * Promotion Strategy How the product or service is to be communicated to customers * â€Å"Push† spend $$$ on promotions and discounts to push products * â€Å"Pull† spend $ to build brand awareness so consumers will ask for it by name * Channel or â€Å"Place† Strategy FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES CAPITAL ACQUISITIONS Debt Leverage, Stock Sales, amp; Gains from Operations * Equity financing is preferred for related diversification * Debt financing is preferred for unrelated diversification * Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) make the acquired firm pay off the debt CAN WE GROW BY RELYING ON ONLY INTERNAL CASH FLOWS? DO STOCK SALES DILUTE OWNERSHIP CONTROL? DOES A LARGE DEBT RATIO CRIPPLE FUTURE GROWTH? DOES STRONG LEVERAGE BOOST EARNINGS PER SHARE? DOES HIGH DEBT DETER TAKEOVER ATTEMPTS? DO MOST LBOs UNDERPERFORM 3-4 YEARS AFTER THE BUYOUT? RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS * Dividends, Stock Price, amp; Reinvestment * Reinvest earnings in fast-growing companies * Keeping the stockholders contented with consistent dividends * Use of stock splits ( or reverses) to maintain high stock prices * Tracking stock keeps interest in company, but doesn’t allow takeover Selecting the method for distributing the product or service * Distribute through dealer networks or through mass merchandisers? * Sell directly to consumers through own stores or through internet? * Price Strategy Establishing a price for the product or service * â€Å"Skim pricing† (high) when you are a pioneer * â€Å"Penetration pricing† (low) builds market shares * â€Å"Dynamic pricing† (prices vary frequently) based on demand/availability RESEARCH amp; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES * LEVEL OF INNOVATION * Pioneer (Leader) v. Copy Cat (Follower) * Technological leadership fits well with differentiation * A â€Å"follower† strategy makes sense with cost-leader strategies * Are we better at finding applications and customer adaptations than actually inventing something really new? Different types of R amp; D (basic, product, process) * Where is the firm’s historic expertise / advantage? * How competent are the R amp; D Personnel? * ACQUISITION OF TECHNOLOGY * Internally developed v. acquired from outside * Technology â€Å"Scouts† * Strategic Technology Alliances * Acquire minority stake in promising high-tech ventures OPERATIONS STRATEGIES * MANUFACTURING LOCATION * Internal Production v. Outsourcing * Domestic Plants v. International Locations * SYSTEM LAYOUT * Product v. Process Layouts * Job Shops v. Mass Production * Job shop/small batch production fits well with a differentiation strategy * Continuous production / dedicated transfer lines helps achieve cost leadership * Use of robots and CAD/CAM v. Labor intense manufacturing * Modular Manufacturing and just-in-time delivery of sub-assemblies * Continuous improvement systems lower costs and increase quality PURCHASING STRATEGIES * SOURCING COMPONENTS AND SUPPLIES WHERE CAN THE HIGHEST QUALITY COMPONENTS BE FOUND? * Outsourcing (our firm buys everything) Buying on the Open Market (Spot) (prices fluctuate) * Long-Term Contracts with Multiple Suppliers (low bid) * Sole Sourcing (only one supplier) improves quality * Parallel Sourcing (two suppliers) provides protection * Backward Integration (our firm has an ownership stake in the suppliers we use) * Quasi-integration (minority ownership position in a supplier) * Tapered (produce some of what we need, but not all) * Full (produce all of our own needs) * Use of Component Inventorie s v. Just-in-time supply delivery LOGISTICS STRATEGIES DO WE HAVE GOODS THAT MUST BE TRANSPORTED OR DELIVERED? * TYPE OF MATERIALS TRANSPORTED (Bulky or Compact? ) * Raw Materials, Supplies, amp; Components * Finished Goods * BEST MODE OF TRANSPORTATION * AIR * RAIL * TRUCK * BARGE HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIES * TALENT ACQUISITION * Recruit from Outside v. Internal Development * Require experienced, highly-skilled workers v. â€Å"we will train you† * Offer â€Å"top dollar† wages amp; benefits v. mentoring and a career * WORK ARRANGEMENTS * Individual Jobs v. Team Positions * Narrowly-defined jobs v. Positions with discretion and autonomy * On-premises Work v. Telecommuting Options MOTIVATION amp; APPRAISAL * Extrinsic v. Intrinsic Reward Systems * Assessment for development v. assessment for rewards * Incentives for ideas amp; originality v. incentives for conformity? INFORMATION SYSTEMS STRATEGIES WORKER PRODUCTIVITY amp; CONNECTIVITY * Employees can be networked together across the globe * Instant translation software for global firms * â€Å"Follow the Sun Management†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pass projects on to the next team SALES amp; INVENTORY MANAGEMENT * Internet sales and development of customer databases * Instant sales reports allow immediate inventory reorders SHIPPING amp; TRACKING GOODS FEDEX Power Ship software†¦stores addresses, prints labels, etc. * Tracking the progress of package shipment†¦FEDEX amp; UPS The McKinsey 7S Framework Ensuring that all parts of your organization work in harmony While some models of organizational effectiveness go in and out of fashion, this continues to persist. Developed in the early 1980s by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman, who worked with McKinsey amp; Company consulting firm. The basic idea of the model is: There are seven internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to be successful. The Seven Elements: Hard Elements| Soft Elements| StrategyStructureSystems| Shared ValuesSkillsStyleStaff| Hard elements are easier to define or identify. Management can directly influence them: These are 1. Strategy statements; 2. Organization charts, 3. Reporting lines; 4. Formal processes and 5. IT systems. Soft elements, can be more difficult to describe, less tangible and more influenced by culture. However, these soft elements are as important as the hard elements.. * Strategy: Tactics or operational actions by its nature of being premeditated. * Well thought through and often practically rehearsed. Deals with essentially three questions * 1) where the organisation is at this moment in time, 2) where the organisation wants to be in a particular length of time and 3) how to get there. Thus, strategy is designed to transform the firm from the present position to the new position described by objectives, subject to constraints of the capabilities or the potential (Ansoff, 1965). Structure: the way the organization is structured and who reports to whom. * Systems: the daily activities and procedures that staff members engage in to get the job done. * Shared Values: called superordinate goals when the model was first developed, these are the core values of the company that are evidenced in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. * Style: the style of leadership adopted. * Staff: the employees and their general capabilities. * Skills: the actual skills and competencies of the employees working for the company. 7S Checklist Questions Strategy: * What is our strategy? * How do we intend to achieve our objectives? * How do we deal with competitive pressure? * How are changes in customer demands dealt with? * How is strategy adjusted for environmental issues? Structure: * How is the company/team divided? * What is the hierarchy? * How do the various departments coordinate activities? * How do the team members organize and align themselves? * Is decision making and controlling centralized or decentralized? Is this as it should be, given what were doing? * Where are the lines of communication? Explicit and implicit? Systems: * What are the main systems that run the organization? Consider financial and HR systems as well as communications and document storage. * Where are the controls and how are they monitored and evaluated? * What internal rules and processes does the team use to keep on track? Shared Values: * What are the core values? * What is the corporate/team culture? * How strong are the values? * What are the fundamental values that the company/team was built on? Style: * How participative is the management/leadership style? * How effective is that leadership? Do employees/team members tend to be competitive or cooperative? * Are there real teams functioning within the organization or are they just nominal groups? Staff: * What positions or specializations are represented within the team? What positions need to be filled? * Are there gaps in required competencies? Skills: * What are the strongest skills represented within the company/team? * Are there any skills g aps? * What is the company/team known for doing well? * Do the current employees/team members have the ability to do the job? * How are skills monitored and assessed

The Bridge over ST Louis essays

The Bridge over ST Louis essays You may have seen many other term paper sites and are thinking, "I've seen this already!" Well now, that's not true. You've seen inadequate, over-priced, bargain junk. We think you deserve better. We think you deserve high-quality, low-priced, easy access, A+ papers, which will help you on your own papers. We are the personal company. We offer rapid e-mail replies and services like no other on the web. No company in the WORLD can come close to offering what we do. We want you to be happy and successful. Or make that: We are here to give you help. These pre-written term papers will give you research material, ideas, and inspiration for your own work. If used correctly you will be on your way to all the A's you have ever wanted or strived for. All for a simple fee of $9.95. So instead of wasting your money on the usual garbage why not invest in your future. Genius Papers. Our pricing policy is as follows: A $9.95 one time fee for the entire year of unlimited access into our database of hundreds upon hundreds of papers. More details included on our access page. You may have seen many other term paper sites and are thinking, "I've seen this already!" Well now, that's not true. You've seen inadequate, over-priced, bargain junk. We think you deserve better. We think you deserve high-quality, low-priced, easy access, A+ papers, which will help you on your own papers. We are the personal company. We offer rapid e-mail replies and services like no other on the web. No company in the WORLD can come close to offering what we do. We want you to be happy and successful. Or make that: We are here to give you help. These pre-written term papers will give you research material, ideas, and inspiration for your own work. If used correctly you will be on your way to all the A's you have ever wanted or strived for. All for a sim ...

Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elasticity - Essay Example Given an increasing price for corn, farmers will shift to producing corn rather than corn substitutes like soybeans. In addressing the impact of an increase in the demand for corn resulting from using corn as an alternative energy source, it is useful to understand the determinants of demand. According to Mankiw (2007), the determinants of demand or the variables affecting the quantity of the good demanded are price, income, prices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and number of buyers. While movement in prices represents a movement along the demand curve, the demand curve shifts leftward or rightward based on changes in income, prices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and number of buyers. The determinants of demand or the variables affecting the quantity demanded of a good are identified in Table 1. Table 1. Determinants of Demand Source: Mankiw, 2007, p. 69 When the demand for corn increases when corn is utilized as an alternative energy source, we can represent the si tuation as a rightward shift in the demand curve. This is shown in Figure 2 where the right ward shift in demand is represented in the movement from D2 to D3. Figure 2. Shifts in Demand Curve Price of Corn Quantity of Corn Source: Mankiw, 2007, p.

Analytical Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical Summaries - Essay Example However, author Carey, reduces the intensity of his convincing the readers. The author admits that playing a violent video game may not the exclusive reason for the violent crimes. Other factors may have triggered the violent game players to commit felonies and possibly heinous crimes. It just happened that the youth criminals were violent video game enthusiasts. In some areas, statistics show that an increase in the sale of violent video games showed a decline in the actual crime statistics. To avoid committing crimes, the youth vented their anger or grievances on the video game characters, not on real persons. Author Carey uses several evidences to convincingly support his proposed assertions. Initially, the author uses actual examples to bring his point. The Columbine High School students are purported to act out the fantasy video games’ shooting scenes within the school premises, killing several students and adults. The video gamer acted out the fantasy shooting scenes by killing the Aurora, Colorado Movie audiences. Next, author Carey uses the findings of social research scientists to persuade the readers. One research affirms violent video games can stir up influentially mild aggressive behavior immediately after playing the games. However, the hostile urges are classified as short term consequences of violent video games. The scientists’ researches validly show shooting video games bring out avoidable hostile personalities among the gamers. Finally, author Carey discusses an experiment to convince the skeptics. The experiment focuses on 47 student respondents. They play Mortal Kombat for an estimated 14 minutes. Compared to the non-gamers, the findings proved the students playing the video game were more hostile. However, author Carey insists that the above discussion is not conclusive. Other factors may contribute or aggravate the youths’ engaging in crimes or

Getting to Know the Bomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting to Know the Bomb - Essay Example Henrickson states in the preface that it was "Not until the 1980s, when there arose signs of an organized and widespread antinuclear activism in America". It can only be presumed that the author slept through the 1960s when the anti nuke people woke up from the brainwashing of the 1950s. If the Russians had not also had the bomb, the country would still be asleep at the switch. She further states that, "no such revolutionary change engulfed America". She discounts the cultural revolution of the beatniks and hippies. They were reacting to a world gone mad with nuclear weaponry and rabid with military power. How many other technologies do we as a culture ignore out of fear that they are the only things between us and doomsday Is eavesdropping technology the government's new edge and the current paranoia Statesmen rule with leadership, governments with fear. Will we have to learn that Al Quieda is tapping our phone to bring attention to that new threat Like atomic weapons, it's hard to integrate them into our life like a microwave oven.

Sixth Sense Technology Introduction

Sixth Sense Technology Introduction Abstract: ‘Sixth Sense is a wearable gesture interface that augments the physical world around us with digital information and lets us use natural hand gestures to interact with that information. This technology will definitely give the user a new way of seeing the world with information at their fingertips it has been classified under the category ‘wearable computing’. The true power of Sixth Sense lies on its potential to connect the real world with the Internet, and overlaying the information on the world itself. The key here is that Sixth Sense recognizes the objects around you, displaying information automatically and letting you access it in any way you want, in the simplest way possible. This paper gives you just introduction about sixth sense. This paper makes you familiar with sixth sense technology which provides freedom of interacting with the digital world using hand gestures. The sixth sense prototype is comprised of pocket projector, a mirror, mobile components, color markers and a camera. The sixth sense technology is all about interacting to the digital world in most efficient and direct way. Sixth Sense devices are very much different from the Computers; this will be a new topic for the hackers and the other people also. Everyone can get general idea of sixth sense technology by look at this paper. Keywords: Sixth Sense, wearable computing, Augmented Reality, Gesture Recognition, Computer Vision __________________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________________ 1. INTRODUCTION We’ve evolved over millions of years to sense the world around us. When we encounter something, someone or some place, we use our five natural senses which include eye, ear, nose, tongue mind and body to perceive information about it; that information helps us make decisions and chose the right actions to take. But arguably the most useful information that can help us make the right decision is not naturally perceivable with our five senses, namely the data, information and knowledge that mankind has accumulated about everything and which is increasingly all available online. Although the miniaturization of computing devices allows us to carry computers in our pockets, keeping us continually connected to the digital world, there is no link between our digital devices and our interactions with the physical world. Information is confined traditionally on paper or digitally on a screen. Sixth Sense bridges this gap, bringing intangible, digital information out into the tangible world, and allowing us to interact with this information via natural hand gestures. ‘Sixth Sense’ frees information from its confines by seamlessly integrating it with reality, and thus making the entire world your computer. All of us are aware of the five basic senses – seeing, feeling, smelling, tasting and hearing. But there is also another sense called the sixth sense. It is basically a connection to something greater than what their physical senses are able to perceive. To a layman, it would be something supernatural. Some might just consider it to be a superstition or something psychological. But the invention of sixth sense technology has completely shocked the world. Although it is not widely known as of now but the time is not far when this technology will change our perception of the world. Fig. 1.1: Six Senses Sixth Sense is a wearable â€Å"gesture based† device that augments the physical world with digital information and lets people use natural hand gestures to interact with that information. Right now, we use our devices (computers, mobile phones, tablets, etc.) to go into the internet and get information that we want. With Sixth Sense we will use a device no bigger than current cell phones and probably eventually as small as a button on our shirts to bring the internet to us in order to interact with our world! Sixth Sense will allow us to interact with our world like never before. We can get information on anything we want from anywhere within a few moments! We will not only be able to interact with things on a whole new level but also with people. One great part of the device is its ability to scan objects or even people and project out information regarding what you are looking. 1.1 History and Evolution of Sixth Sense Technology Steve Mann is father of sixth sense who made a wearable computer in 1990. The Sixth Sense Technology was first implemented as the neck worn projector + camera system. He was a media lab student at that time. There after it was used and implemented by an Indian who is the man has become very famous in the recent Pranav Mistry. There will be a long future rather than the short period of history for the Sixth Sense technology. 1.2 Why choose Sixth Sense Technology This sixth sense technology provides us with the freedom of interacting with the digital world using hand gestures. This technology has a wide application in the field of artificial intelligence. This methodology can aid in synthesis of bots that will be able to interact with humans. This technology enables people to interact in the digital world as if they are interacting in the real world. The Sixth Sense prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the usefulness, viability and flexibility of the system [4]. 2. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING The Sixth Sense prototype comprises a pocket projector a mirror and a camera contained in a pendant like, wearable device. Both the projector and the camera are connected to a mobile computing device in the user’s pocket. The projector projects visual information enabling surfaces, walls and physical objects around us to be used as interfaces; while the camera recognizes and tracks users hand gestures and physical objects using computer-vision based techniques. The software program processes the video stream data captured by the camera and tracks the locations of the colored markers (visual tracking fiducials) at the tip of the user’s fingers. The movements and arrangements of these fiducially are interpreted into gestures that act as interaction instructions for the projected application interfaces. Sixth Sense supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction. Fig. 2.1: Sixth Sense Technology Working 3. TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE RELATED TO SIXTH SENSE DEVICES 3.1. Augmented Reality The augmented reality is a visualization technology that allows the user to experience the virtual experience added over real world in real time. Augmented reality adds graphics, sounds, hepatic feedback and smell to the natural world as it exists [3]. 3.2. Gesture Recognition It is a technology which is aimed at interpreting human gestures with the help of mathematical algorithms. Gesture recognition technique basically special type of hand gloves which provide information about hand position orientation and flux of the fingers [3]. 3.3. Computer Vision Computer Vision is the technology in which machines are able to interpret necessary information from an image. This technology includes various fields like image processing, image analysis and machine vision. It includes certain aspect of artificial intelligence techniques like pattern recognition [3]. 3.4. Radio Frequency Identification Radio Frequency Identification systems transmit the identity of an object wirelessly, using radio magnetic waves. The main purpose of this technology is to enable the transfer of a data via a portable device. This technology is widely used in the fields like asset tracking, supply chain management, manufacturing, payment system etc [3]. 4. APPLICATIONS The Sixth Sense device has a huge number of applications. The following are few of the applications of Sixth Sense Technology:- 4.1. Viewing Map: With the help of a map application the user can call upon any map of his/her choice and navigate through them by projecting the map on to any surface. By using the thumb and index fingers movements the user can zoom in, zoom out or pan the selected map[2]. Fig -4.1: Viewing Map 4.2. Taking Pictures: Another application of Sixth Sense devices is the implementation of a gestural camera. This camera takes the photo of the location user is looking at by detecting the framing gesture. After taking the desired number of photos we can project them onto any surfaces and then use gestures to sort through those photos and organize and resize them[2]. Fig 4.2: Taking Pictures 4.3. Drawing Application: The drawing application allows the user you to draw on any surface by tracking the fingertip movements of the user’s index finger. The pictures that are drawn by the user can be stored and replaced on any other surface. The user can also shuffle through various pictures and drawing by using the hand gesture movements[2]. Fig -4.3: Drawing Application 4.4. Making Calls: We can make calls with the help of Sixth Sense device. The Sixth Sense device is used to protect the keyboard into your palm and using that virtual keypad we can make calls to anyone[2]. Fig -4.4. Making Calls 4.5. Interacting with Physical Objects: The Sixth Sense system also helps to interact with physical objects we use in a better way. It augments physical objects by projecting more information about these objects projected on them. For example, a gesture of drawing a circle on the user’s wrist projects a watch on the user’s hand. Similarly a newspaper can show live video news or dynamic information can be provided on a regular piece of paper[2]. Fig -4.5: Watching News 4.6. Flight Updates: The system will recognize your boarding pass and let you know whether your flight is on time and if the gate has changed[2]. Fig 4.6: Flight Updates 4.7. Other Applications: Sixth Sense also lets the user draw icons or symbols in the air using the movement of the index finger and recognizes those symbols as interaction instructions. For example, drawing a magnifying glass symbol takes the user to the map application or drawing a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢@à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- symbol lets the user check his mail[2]. 5. KEY FEATURES OF SIXTHSENSE Sixth Sense is a user friendly interface which integrates digital information into the physical world and its objects, making the entire world your computer. Sixth Sense does not change human habits but causes computer and other machines to adapt to human needs. It uses hand gestures to interact with digital information, supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction. Data access directly from machine in real time. It is an open source and cost effective and we can mind map the idea anywhere. It is gesture-controlled wearable computing device that feeds our relevant information and turns any surface into an interactive display. It is portable and easy to carry as we can wear it in our neck. The device could be used by anyone without even a basic knowledge of a keyboard or mouse. There is no need to carry a camera anymore. If we are going for a holiday, then from now on wards it will be easy to capture photos by using mere fingers CONCLUSION As this technology will emerge may be new devices and hence forth new markets will evolve. This technology enables one to account, compute and browse data on any piece of paper we can find around. Sixth Sense devices are very much different from the computers; this will be a new topic for the hackers and the other people also. First thing is to provide the security for the Sixth Sense applications and devices. Lot of good technologies came and died due to the security threats. There are some weaknesses that can reduce the accuracy of the data. Some of them were the on palm phone keypad. It allows the user to dial a number of the phone using the keypad available on the palm. There will be a significant market competitor to the Sixth Sense technology since it still required some hardware involvement with the user. REFRENCES http://www.pranavmistry.com/projects/sixthsense/ http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2207/1/SI XTH%20SENSE%20TECHNOLOGY.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SixthSense http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/sixth-sense-technology http:/www.ted.com/talkspranav_mistry_the_thrilling_potential_of_sixthsense_technology.html

Essay --

â€Å"Washington the General, the President and the Abolitionist† On a cold, frosty day in Westmoreland County, Virginia a baby boy was born to Augustine Washington and Mary Ball on February 22, 1732. This baby was named George and was their first child of five to come. From the age of three he lived at many different plantations on tributaries of the Potomac river. At the age of 11, George tragically lost his father and was under his mother’s management which he did not like. Living with many relatives he eventually found a sanctuary at his half-brother Lawrence’s plantation known as Mount Vernon. After the age of approximately 15 he began showing a deep interest in mathematics and eventually through Lawrence’s influence became a successful surveyor. In 1751 Washington made his first and last trip outside the colonies to Barbados with Lawrence to cure him of tuberculosis. When they were there George very quickly contracted smallpox. Although he survived the illness he was left with permanent facial scars and immunity to a dis ease that will ravage his troops in the near future. In 1752, Lawrence, who had served as Washington's mentor, tragically passed away. Washington eventually inherited Lawrence's estate, Mount Vernon, his militia office and there Washington learned how to become an officer and a farmer. In 1753 Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie sent 21-year-old Washington to warn French troops stationed north of modern day Pittsburgh Pennsylvania that they were trespassing in territory that was claimed by Virginia. The French ignored the warning, and the flopped. On the brighter side, when Washington returned, Governor Dinwiddie told a Williamsburg printer by the name of William Hunter to publish his report as The Journal of Maj... ...per his request Washington was remembered from then on as the â€Å"Father of the United States† because of his incredible leadership and his ability to bring an entire country together after a war of independence. In Washington’s farewell address he said that his successors should keep the highest standards for domestic policies and minimally involve in foreign policies. To this day in memoriam the document is read in the U.S. Senate for his birthday in February. In the House of Burgesses Thomas Jefferson Spoke of Washington and said, â€Å"On the whole, his character was, in its mass, perfect, in nothing bad, in a few points indifferent; and it may truly be said, that never did nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great, and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have merited from man an everlasting remembrance.† (Thomas Jefferson)

Police System In Japan Essay

In Japan, police system generally enjoy wide community support and respect. The system, so called keisatsu seido consists of approximately 220,000 police officers who are organized into prefectural forces coordinated and partially controlled by the National Police Agency in Tokyo. Concerning the historical development, during the Edo period – we are talking about the years 1600 – 1868 here, the Tokugawa Shogunate ( the form of those days governing the country ) developed elaborate police system based on town magistrates who held samurai status and served as chiefs of police, prosecutors and criminal judges. The system was extended by citizens  ´s groups such as five-family associations ( gonin gumi ) . These groups were composed of neighbours, collectively liable to the government for the activities of their membership. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the main change in the whole Japanese history, the Home Ministry was established in 1873. With jurisdiction over the Police Bureau, it effectively controlled the police. This new, centralized police system had wide-ranging responsibilities, includng the authority to issue ordinances and handle quasi-judicial functions. It also regulated public health, factories, constructions, businesses and issued permits, licenses and orders. In 1911 the Special Higher Police was established to help control proscribed political activities. Later in 1928 it was strengthened with the introduction of the Peace Preservation Law. When the Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, the police were given the added responsibilities of regulating business activities for the war efforts, mobilizing labour and controlling transportatioon. Also regulation of publications, motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns came under police direction. After World War II, Japan as a defeated country was under strong pressure and influence mainly from the U.S., on all branches of life, including the police system. The National Diet – the highest organ of state power was required to enact a new Police Law. This 1947 law abolished the previous  Home Ministry. It decentralized the system by establishing about 1,600 independent municipal police forces in all cities and towns with population of over 5,000 smaller communities. These were served by the newly created National Rural Police. General contol of the police was supposed to be ensured by the establishment of civilian public safety commissions. As to present structure, today the Japanese police system is based on prefectural units that are autonomous in daily operations yet are linked nationalwide under the National Police Agency. Prefectural police headquarters, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, control everyday police operations in each prefecture. In effect, the prefectures pay for the patrol man on the beat, traffic control over domestic security units, which are funded by the national government, as are the salaries of senior national and prefectural police officials. Prefectures are divided into districts, each with its own police station under direct control of prefectural police headquarters. There are about 1,250 of these police stations nationwide. Districts are further subdivided into jurisdictions of urban police boxes ( koban ) and rural residential police boxes ( chuzaisho). The mainstay of the Japanese police system is the uniformed patrol officer (omawari san ). The patrol officers supply the police boxes and patrol cars and comprised 40 percent of al incidents and crimes and then move them to the specialized units for further investigation. The sphere of police resposibilities remains broad. Besides solving ordinary crimes, criminal investigators establish the causes of fires and industrial accidents. Crime prevention police hold added responsibility for juveniles, businesses and the enforcement of â€Å"special laws† regulating gun and sword ownership, drugs, smuggling, prostitution, pornography and industrial pollution. Public safety commissions usually defer to police decisions. Police contact with the community is extended by the requirement that koban based police visit every home in their jurisdiction to gather information,  pass on suggestions regarding crime prevention and hear complaints. Neighbourhood crime prevention and traffic safety associations provide another link between police and community, further promoting extensive public involvement in law and order.

Sentence Auction Grammar Game

Sentence Auction Grammar Game Holding Sentence Auctions is a fun way to help students review key points in grammar and sentence construction while having some good fun. Basically, students in small groups are given some money with which to bid on various sentences. These sentences include correct and incorrect sentences, the group which buys the most correct sentences wins the game. Sentence Auctions ESL Activity Aim: Review grammar and sentence structure while having funLevel: Intermediate/Advanced Outline Divide the class into small groups of 3 or 4 students per group.Talk about auctions: Do the students know what they are? Can they describe an auction? Have they every been to an auction?, etc.Explain the rules of this auction.The aim of the game is to buy as many correct sentences as possibleEach group will have $3000 to spendBids begin at $200Bids increase by $100 each bidThe sentence will be sold to the highest bidder (remember? $400 going once, $400 going twice, $400 sold to group X!)The winner of the game is the group which has bought the most correct sentencesYou can make the auction more difficult by declaring the winner based on the number of correct sentences minus the number of incorrect sentences (5 correct sentences minus 3 incorrect two correct sentences)Once the game has finished, go through each sentence saying whether it is correct or incorrect.Have a fun celebration of the winning team!After things have calmed down, go through each sentence explaining any grammar / u sage questions that arise. Sentence Auction Decide which sentences you would like to buy! Collect correct masterpieces! Watch out for incorrect fakes! The film is so an interesting adaptation of the novel that I highly recommend it.If she had stayed in a better hotel, she would have enjoyed her vacation.Not only should he study more, but also should he get more sleep.I would really like to know whether she plans on joining our group.John is a very horrible judge of character.Look at those dark clouds on the horizon! Itll rain before long.When I stopped to talk to Mary, she was picking some flowers in her garden.Our family would go to the park every Sunday when we lived in London.If he were in charge of the department, he would improve staff communication.They had finished their work by the time we arrived.Jack cant have been at home, he told me he was going to be at work.Did you remember locking the door?Ill finish my homework by the time you get back.The number of smokers have been dropping steadily for twenty years.

Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor The WritePass Journal

Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor Abstract Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor AbstractIntroductionDEELVRAAGResearch MethodologyMarketing op internetMarketing in TwitterLiterature reviewImmaterial labourFinding and discusionsTwitter als one-way marketinginstrumentTwitter as a source of news/ people opinionTwitter to create a hypeCompanies using   twitters users networkTwitter as helpdeskOther forms of twitter useCelebritiesPoliticiansTwitter ActionsFrom Free Labor to Voluntary Immaterial LaborReferenceRelated Abstract Nowadays the main trend on the net is the rissing numbers of Social media Appilications, which all have a common factor.   They all depend largely on the users-generated content in simle terms the users of the application. Users create the websites. The process of creating and adding content is a way of working which Italian autonomists call immaterial labor. An example of a social media site that is filled by immaterial labor, is Twitter Not only individuals use social media websites such as Twitter, companies also are active on Twitter. The site is increasingly used as a marketing tool, companies see the value of sending tweets to followers, twitter is becoming very important in companies marketing mix. There are books which addresses the ways you can reach potential customers on Twitter and there are even courses learning companies using Twitter effecitelve and as effecient as possible. Yet there is no clear one way process for the companies to use or to follow. Actually use of twitter by companies   can not be described in one particular method. The purpose of this dessertetion is to examibe the certain ways Twitter can be used by businesses and how enterprises could rely on immaterial labor of their followers Introduction Social media websites are in a rising trend. Each year a new website/application will be lauched on the internet. Tamar Weinberg describes Social Media in his book The New Community RulesMarketring on the social web  as ‘anything where users can participate, create and share content’[1] such as profile sites like Twitter and Facebook and collaborative sites such as Wikipedia and many other blogs. The rising number of social media Initiatives on the web, are resulting in rising numbers in user generated content.   Many of the Social Media sites are largely filled by content supplied by the users. This the delivery of content is an example of   immaterial labor. Immaterial labor is performing labor which has not to be the right idea of working, but yet there is an certain value generated.   An simple example of immaterial labor is posting a message on a social media website. You create a certain value in form of information regairing a certain subject. Other users may or may not use youre provided information. Twitter is a popular appilication of social media. This site is filled by its users.   People with a twitter account are able to to post short messages about anything.   The message should be decent and cant harm others in anyway.   Twitter is very strict with this. A person with twitter account can post messages about thire current situation,   what are they doing now, what they are thinking and they can also alert other twitter users . Reply from other twitter users is common aswell, this is called re-tweet in twitter terms. Many companies discover the power of Twitter. Since its foundation in the Netherlands alone there are hundreds of companies already using twitter,   companies such as Holland international, America express and many more. Companies which are using twitter are actively approaching potential customers each in their own way,   because twittering is a relatively new form of information transfer, there are few standardized methods on how it can be done.   Thus   many companies devise their own ways   using Twitter into their marketing strategy. In some approaches trying to fit twitter into the marketing strategy the immaterial labor of other users have a big impact on the company and its marketing strategy. The purpose of this dessertetion is to examine the ways Twitter is currently being used by companies.   DEELVRAAG In which ways   companys use twitter to spreak their messages? How are companys using the willingness of there followers to perform immaterial labour. Before the analysis a further explaination of immaterial labor is neccesarry. the theory of   Lazzarato and Terra Nova about immaterial albour will   be discussed in theoretical framework aswell as the terms social factory and free labour will be the main themes in theoretical framework.   After a clasification of the case study the different ways twitter used by companys will be analyssed and disccussed Finally, an formulation or the writers own criticism of the idea of free labor, by stating that the emphasis is strongly on the exploitation of immaterial labor Research Methodology This dissertation will be based mainly on the qualitative analysis. In which ways did twitter change the ideas about marketing. Marketing op internet Internet is still not yet fully integrated marketing tool by many companies. The reason is because Internet and the digital world in relative terms are fairly new, developments are followed up quickly, making it very difficult for marketers to perform on a certain development, something new seems interesting until a new features is   added. The Internet is a momentary medium, you can’t predict it, what today is a must for companies can be changed rapidly. Through this turbulent nature of the Internet, some companies are not really convinced to invest in this relative new media. Instead of this they try to use the so called old media like television, radio, newspapers etc.. This gives them a certain guarantee. Yet there are already companies that see the value of the Internet as a marketing tool.   There are many advantages.   Advertising on the Internet:   the range is large and the costs are relatively low. Moreover, if something is advertised on the Internet   companys can precisely track how many people see a particular ad, who clicks on it and many more features. The possibilities are endless. With the rise of Social Media.   Profile web sites such as Facebook and Twitter increase   the possibilities   for companies to invest in Internet even more. For   example, companies can be in touch with individuals on the social network, with almost no costs involved. Marketing in Twitter In a full page e-article in the Handelscourant ( Dutsch business newspaper) of april 2nd, 2011 an interview with businessman Jelle Van der Doorn: Companies that are not use Twitter are doomed. In this article Van der Doorn explains,   with the arrival of Twitter the trend on social media   is developing very rapidily. In one of the many handbooks that have been written about Internet marketing Twitter is explained as follows: Twitter is best described as a micro blogging service. The principle of Twitter is letting know what   you are currently doing. This is done using a text message that can consist of up to 140 characters. Such a message is called a Tweet in Twitter-terms. People who follow you see the Tweets which you write. Interestingly Tweets are often adopted by other people twittering creating a modern fuss/hype that often creates more widespread than the traditional media. Who, exactly, is using Twitter these days? A gadget-addicted tech geek? A twenty-something born-to-be-wired? Someone who has nothing better to do all day than post mind-numbering tweets? Of course not! These days Twitter crosses a wide swath of people from all walks of life.[2] This   fuss/hype will prove to be relevant to companies wanting spread the message to as many people as possible. A detailed expalnation about this topic will be done in the case study fouded in theoretical framework. While Twitter was created for individuals to socialise, Twitter appears to be very interesting for companies aswell. Especially as a platform for marketing, since Twitter is increasingly viewed by companies as an interesting marketing tool. There are conferences about Twitter, there are courses organized and there are books with tips on how to best use Twitter for your business. A recent publication on this issue from Hallis Thomases first book, she removes the prejudice about tweeter and explains why companies need to use twitter/ Who, exactly, is using Twitter these days? A gadget-addicted tech geek? A twenty-something born-to-be-wired? Someone who has nothing better to do all day than post mind-numbering tweets? Of course not! These days Twitter crosses a wide swath of people from all walks of life.[3] What Thomases   could not   know when writing her book is the fact that on April 15, 2010 an anouncement would be done by official Twitter Congress announcing that at that time there were 105 million Twitter users and 300,000 users joining twitter every month. Also interesting to mention is the fact that Twitter.com had a traffic of 180 million unique visitors/viewers each month. The number of users are still increasing. Thomases then provides that Twitter is still in development: Twitter’s full versatility has not even been tapped out yet. It seems like every few weeks, another innovative use of Twitter comes to light.[4] Literature review Immaterial labour Producing Tweets on Twitter is a form of work described as immaterial labor by   Italian autonomists. Sociologist and Social Theorist Maurizio Lazzarato gives as a definition of immaterial labor: labor producing informational and cultural conent of the commodity. Theorist Maurizio Lazzaroti makes a distinction between the informational and cultural content. As explained in these terms, he indicates that the informational content is related to the workflow of the workers. Nowadays, in the modern world, the labor   are increasingly following the   automated work processes trend meaning machines replace human labor. More work is done on or by   the computer and there is less hand work. Examples of occupations in this manner include journalist, bank employees, and many more. What these professions have in common is that they produce nothing physical. Both the form of work   and the final product is intangible. The cultural content is related to the nature of the work. Lazzarato describes the cultural content of immaterial labor as a collection of activities that are not immediately seen as work, but are actually are. An example is creating a public opinion, or   measuring cultural standards. A characteristic of immaterial labor in both the informational content and the cultural contemt is the increasing importance of the   individual subjectivity of the worker in employment. This in contrast to employment in the period of Fordism, where a strict separation between people who believed and those who performed was highly measurable. For example if you were a employee working in factory, you just had to   produce and not think. Nowadays labor is more focused on factory without walls   Tronti   describes this term as the social factory.   He means that the whole society has become a kind of factory. The process of production is not only done in factories, but production is decentralized.   Products are not only mad in factory. []the whole of society becomes an articulation of power; in other words, the whole of society exists as a function of the factory and the factory extends its exclusive domination over the whole of society.[5] The information flow on the Internet can be used to understand what is meant by Social Factory. With the rise of the Internet and the digital economy, labor is decentralized. People do not longer work in one place. Society and production facility become one, making the difference between work and leasure activity very low. People use their free time to work.   During working times they can do things as a consumer buyinm products from internet. The boundary between work and non-work is no longer clear. People can be employees, the producers, while being a consumer at the same time. A clear example is freelance. They work during their free time, or they have free time during their work, the difference between work and non-work has largely faded. Another characteristic of immaterial labor described by the Italian autonomists is the idea that consumption no longer leads to destruction. Earlier, during Fordism,   the life cycle of produced goods was simple. Something was produced and was then consumed. During the process of consuming the product was and some products more slowly than others destroyed. Today, consumption lead to a new form of production. Lazzarato writes: The particularity of the commodity produced through immaterial labor [] consists in the fact that it is not destroyed in the act of consumption, but rather it enlarges, transforms, and creates the ideological and cultural environment of the consumer. This commodity does not produce the physical capacity of labor power; instead, it transforms the person who uses it. Immaterial labor produces first and foremost a social relationship.[6] The consumption of something does not automatically means the end product. If you consume information as a consumer this leads to the production of new information. Examples of cases involving consumer consumption which leads to production of new information can be seen on popular websites that use popularity ratings. On the video site YouTube, for example, you can   track how many people have looked at some clips. After viewing a certain clip the view rating will rise in this way youtube can produce best viewd clips day/week/month/year. So when you view a clip( consumption) you produce information ( +1 in viewed ). With this information websites such as Youtube, Twitter and many more can make money by offering this most viewed clips as a potential market for a promotion tools. A compnay knows exactly how many people will see the advert if they play a advert before this popular clip. The popular the clip(youtube example) the more a company has to pay in order to promote the product s. Companies are not the only ones who are broadcasting   on Twitter. Company are partly dependent on other Twitter users.   These other twitters will retweet information to the other users in positive or negative way, They also can ask question regaring certain products/services. Twitter users can also simultaneously produce and consume information. Through Retweet (RTs) making a new Tweet from a old Tweet.   For example company A offers new kind of holiday packages Tweeter A consume the information and Retweets on the old tweet regarding the package holiday by mentioning other compnays offering same/better services( Producing new information while consuming the old one) Consumption on twitter leads to production. Describing Lazzaratos theory of immaterial labor in previous chapter, producing content for the Internet such as Tweets on Twitter – can be seen as immaterial labor. However, it can also be seen as what Terranova appoint in her article: Free Labor. This type of work is characterized by two things, first, the work with no money in return( free as costless),   and secondly its not an forced work, people do it because they like it (free as volentary). Especially in the early days of the internet, this form of labor was very popular. People were   building communities and sites filled with certain content. Now the proportions are slightly different In the overdeveloped countries, the end of the factory has spelled out the obsolescence of the old working class, but it has also produced generations of workers who have been repeatedly addressed as active consumers of meaningful commodities. Free labor is the moment where this knowledgeable consumption of culture is translated into productive activities that are pleasurably embraced and at the same time often shamelessly exploited.[7] Content produced by individuals on the Internet, have been shamelessly exploited by large media companies. These include using content of their visitors to get more people on their website.Having more visitors, means more revenue from advertising. Indirectly the work of indivuals using free labor will be used to make money. Video Site YouTube.com is an example of a website which works this way. The site consists of movies made ​​by individuals. But the only ones who are   making money are the owners of YouTube, Google. Later in this dessertetion an further analyse of   operating principle exploitation of free labor wil be discsusses. Finding and discusions To explore ways Twitter is used by companies for marketing and selling purposes and to analyze how they make use of the immaterial labor of individual tweeters, a more detailed description of number of ways twitter is use by company will be described in this chapter. This will be grouped in the ways company use twitter and in each sub section a feed back will be created to notion of immaterial labour. Firstly   there is a clear distinction between two major ways Twitter is used.   Some forms of Twitter use are clear, but its usually one direction, others are seen as a dialogue, two sided. Companies that use Twitter as a one-way marketing tools are most similar to old media, which only broadcast.   Ã‚  Tweets   are   broadcasted or Tweets are read, the information transfer is one way here. Other companies are more interactive. They respond to tweets of others, mix with poeple in online conversations and answer questions. Twitter als one-way marketinginstrument Company use Twitter   in the same way as they are using the old media like television, radio and print: as one-way instrument. It is intended to deliver a certain message through the media to the end consumer. Companies hope to get the attention of customers, because attention can lead to revenue. The concept of attention is defined in management terms as;  ´ [] focused mental engagement on a particular item of information. Items come into our awareness, we attend to a particular item, and then we decide whether to act’.[8] Eventually companys hope offcourse that customer will recognise the product and decide to act on it and in many cases buy the product.   With the concept of audience commodity Smythe explains that people are actually working, while not being at work, they are employed by the advertisers. On television, on the streets and now the Internet, they are constantly exposed to information and ads. It also deals with audience: ‘because audience power is produced, sold, purchased and consumed, it commands a price and is a commodity’.[9] As everyone now easily own contents and information on the Internet because of the easy   use of putting information online,   there is more information than you can pay attention to as an individual. Attention has become scarce, demand is greater than supply. This is the reason for companys to employ special people who can highlight the companies products/advertisement on   the Internet. all kinds of different platforms are used here: websites, advertisements, virals and social media. According to media scholar Andrew Keen   the era of social media and   in general   the rise of Twitter has been charctarised   by attention economy, Twitters ascent marks the end of the Web 2.0 period (1999-2009) and the beginning of [] what i would call the attention economy. He argues this view by stating that Twitter is all about attention, people want to be followed by many people as possible and like it when their message are viewed by many twitter users. Many Company use twitter to ask the opinion of the audience, trough the broadcast model ( from 1 sender to many recievers). Example of twitter account using this method are; John Lewis, Social party, bbc channel and many more. Examples of Tweets used by these companys are; As a MemberoftheJohn lewis you will   get10% discountonourcosmetics! Besidessavingyourpointsformore fun stuffsoon Reminder: TonightonChannel 2, 22:50 pm TheBattle ofBrussels. Dexterat 23:00hoursonchannel. 3andat 23:20hoursCannesFilmJournalon channel. 1! What really highlights this tweets is the use of the so called old patron of broadcasting.   Message ahs been transmitted by 1 sender and has been received by many receiver, there is no further interaction. Twitter as a source of news/ people opinion Twitter can be used as a medium to broadcast a certain message, similar to the old model of broadcastting like television. But Twitter can also work in other ways; for instance, it can also be used as a source for other media. This is shown by the example of the BBC broadcast following the egypt situation on 15/03/2011. In this broadcast the preliminary results are reported, there was reporting from the country, and the results were analyzed. So it was a traditional report analysation. BBC also used a seperarte part of the broadcast by reading some interestting tweets, in a so called BBC Cube ineternet. Internet Editors talks about certain interesting tweets twittered by other people rergarding the situation in egypt. What was new however, is that there is a cube internet was broadcasted. Internet Editor Jerome Johnson talked about the tweets send by twitter user regrarding egyptian revolts. Johnson and BBC use tweeter as a medium to get the people opinions about certain objects and information. Italian autonomists would describe this as Twitters general intellect. When the workers are freed from spending all their time at the assembly line, new forms of subjectivity and knowledge arises – the general intellect – creating [] ‘mass intellectuality’, a â€Å"repository of knowledges indivisible from living subjects and from their linguistic co–operation†[10] The idea of ​​general intellect is originally originated from Marx, who predicted the development towards a capitalist system where the subjectivity of the worker and his knowledge would increasingly be a major aspect. The development of fixed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production, and to what degree, hence, the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the general intellect and been transformed in accordance with it.[11] BBC is not the only news channel using twitter in broadcast session. In a news report of CNN tweeter plays a important role for a very long time now.   Both on the website of CNN as   in the news bulletins on TV   CNN refers to Tweets. On television the internet editor reports the news, while he treats a specific item on its display, tweets are being sended by the general twitters regarding this subject the CNN internet editor trys to highlight and report couple of interesting tweets sended by twitter users. A good example of such an item is in Haiti after the earthquake in January 2010. Because of tweeter many local haiti people could describe the situation in haiti in tweeter sending tweets to BBC as a video link, or text comments. According earthquake expert Earle Twitter is a ideal social medium to collectively share   experiences with each other. Increasingly tweets are being reported before major news channels gets the informations regarding a certain event. Also in the case of Egyptian revolt, Tweeter was the first internet medium to highlight this issue. Many tweets were sended by eye witnesses to BBC, CNN and any other news channels explaining the current situation in egypt. CNN took advantage of that   by implementing this idea to the main CNN website now yiu can read tweets on cnn website in a so called eyewitnesses reports, this is a great idea for people who dont have a twitter account. CNN is monitoring tweets and other messages from people in Egypt and reports from those who said they have been in touch with friends and family. CNN has not been able to able to [sic] verify this material.[12] Example of a Tweets sended by a anonymous tweeetwer user to CNN : Felt that, loud and clear. Were in Cap Haitien. House (really the whole world) shook for about 30 seconds From Twitter user firesideint (Luke Renner) at 5:20 p.m. ET Just experienced a MAJOR earthquake here in Port au Prince walls were falling down. we are ALL fine pray for those in the slums From Twitter user troylivesay in Port-au-Prince, Haiti at 5:24 p.m. ET The remarkable thing is   that CNN uses Twitter as a source of   eyewitness testimonys rather than   a platform with views of the people, as did the BBC during the broadcast on the Egyptian revolt.   A feature that CNN and the BBC have in common is usage of immaterial labor of the   individual tweeters. Twitter users tweeting message at home in their free time and on their own initiative, create value for the news channels, without actually felling being a employee and perfomring a certain task. This fits the description that Lazzarato gives on immaterial labor, the idea that the immaterial labor does not feels   like real work. Terranova   would argue with the fact that   CNN is exploiting the information gained from tweeter users, because CNN uses the information gained from   tweeter in theire news report without actually rewarding in monetary terms or in any other ways the author. Information Broadcasting is a way for CNN to make money, because they get more viewers if they provide good news coverage. The information they get from Twitter, they use that for the same viewers. CNN is creating value from the information on Twitter, without   providing the original author   something in return. Compared with traditional journalism is that in this new form of journalism, opinions and knowledge of the people in short, the wisdom of the crowd -plays a a greater role before the rise of Twitter. Before the rise of tweeter the opinions of normal people only were dealt within television programs which were easily accessible. In news reports the opinions were only given by correspondents, reporters and social elite. Non only news channels gained valuable information on tweeter, the faaous free newspaper Metro actually encourage people using tweeter and sending interest tweets to the editors. Metro mentions Twitter in their section Tweet Week: the modern readers letters section.   Tweets about the metro and   replys   regarding certain inetersting questions are put here. In this way of using twitter it is clear that   the idea of immaterial labor is characterized by the notion that production does not lead to destruction, but to new consumption. Especially in the example of the metro this is really highlighted. The first act of consumption, reading a magazine leads   to the production of tweets containing their views on a particular article. The editors of the Metro are consuming reading and react on this by publicing a certain section on this.   Finally the readers consumer   it again by reading the section of the magazine. Twitter to create a hype In the two previous ways of using Twitter, the message was always one sided: companies use twitter as a form of advertising on the Web, the message is send to   large group of people or companiies use messages from individual Twitter users for themselves, opinions or news value that can be used by other media. But Twitter can also be used in complex ways. Companies can offer both their (advertising) message to send to their followers, and immediately ensure that Twitter users spread the certain message to others in different ways such as re-tweets or face to face advertising. When a company wants to distribute Tweets they want to be ensured that their message gets to as many people as possible. To circulate the company name and message as much as possible,   the companies are largely dependent on the willingness of individual twitter users to perform immaterial labor. This immaterial labor takes form of re-tweets, company A send information to the followers, the followers re-tweet( resend) the message to other tweeter users. This is form of a immaterial labour. For some companies, the purpose of their activities on Twitter is to create a hype/buzz around their companys name or product. Creating a hype or a buzz is a powerfull marketing way to advertise. Instead of trying to send a certain message to each potential customers many customers use a hype marketing, by trying to achieve a situation when customers promote the companys products by sending messages to each other. Research shows that 78% of consumers believe other consumers when it comes to companies and products, while only 14% of consumers find advertising reliable. Hyping or buzzing is explained by as Thomas Jr. as buzzing. ‘[] the amplification of initial marketing efforts by third parties through their passive or active influence .[13] Buzz or hype is a form of face to face or worrd to word advertising. According to Grewal this is an important source of information for consumers. Face to face influence   how people think about a product. It also appeared that word-of-mouth advertising has more impact than information which is printed, and generally considered as the most reliable form of advertising. An example of a company that has unleashed a so-called buzz, is the Donald Duck magazine. Since early February 2010, they created fictitious accounts on Twitter for some Duck city residents, like Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck and Mickey Mouse Twitter. Through these accounts, they put out story lines and let them Duck city Residents interact between each other. Meanwhile the figures are followed by thousands of people. According to editor Jim van der Weele   the participation of Donald Duck on Twitter a great success and many of their messages are beein re-tweeted. Also newsworthy messages can spread rapidly on Twitter using the immaterial labor of tweeters. A recent example is from Green lands 28 September, 2011. Then there was the official Twitter account of the Green lands   festival reported the following: The requalir tickets to the grean lands festival has been sold out, however the combo tickets are still available, visit greenlands.nl for further information [14] A day later, there was a mistake made ​​at the ticket sales, according to the following tweet. THERE WAS AN ERROR IN TICKET SYSTEM: 10,000 CJP MAPS WERE DOUBLE LOCKED. THEY ARE NOW AVAILABLE AGAIN. SEE SITE # LL10[15] This tweet was re-tweeted   by nearly 100 people, who all had their own followers. The effect was noticeable within one day the remaining 10,000 tickets were sold out. Because of twitter Green lands tweet was spread to huge potential customers base. Because   of all of   those tweeters voluntarily and on their own initiative the message was sent by Lowlands of their followers, they made ​​sure that many tickets were sold. To some extent, they created their value so geretweet Lowlands. This can be seen as a form of exploitation from Lowlands seen. The organization used the free laborof their followers to make money on ticket sales. They all reported benefit from the willingness of their followers to do work, in this case the tweeting of information to their followers. According to the popularity of adding feature # fail in Twitter. A company can be discussed by individuals in tweeter in positive or negative way. If people are unhappy with   a company, Twitter is a popular medium to discuss those complaints. Such an addition, which is called hashtag, are been used by tweeter users when they are not happy with a certain information. On the night of 25th January 2011 when the egyptian revolt took place. Many tweeter users where unhappy with the information provided by certain news channel. People found that this news channel did not provied accurate news, and let it know toeach other. There were many negative reports about   this news channel in Twitter. Due to the immaterial labor performed by tweeter users and, even those who criticize others re-tweet, this certain newschannel recived a bad reputaion in Twitter and was described as poorly news channel. There was a negative buzz about the broadcasting and provided information. Tthese three examples shows   you can not control, direct or change   the buzz and being buzzed as a company.   The buzz can be an unforeseen side effect for companies. Companies using   twitters users network A famous addition in tweeter is the Please RT. This stands for Please Retweet. This means that those who send the Tweet ask all the readers to re-tweet the message to theire followers. This can be a very easy way to get your message read by many people. Author and media expert Erwin Blom experienced this when he lauched his new bookHandbook Communities in twitter with posting   comment asking his followers to retweet his message about his new book. On his site he writes what happened with his message: I have a small base of 6,000 followers. Within that group the message   was re-sent sent by many other people. This so-called re-tweets made ​it ​sure that my message did not only reched the people who follow me, but it also reached a majority of my followers followers. In recent   8days   [sic] a small number of   959 tweets was placed regarding the   Handbook communities. Through Tweetreach I have calculated that I reached a audience of 117,497 people[sic] with no marketing budget, no traditional media, simply through the power of the network. With a Tweet and mouth to mouth advertising, more than one hundred thousand people have been reached! Word-of-mouth advertising that Barnes is talking about, or so called word to mouse   exists only because of the immaterial labor tweeter users perform. Some of the 6000 followers   of Blom performd labor by re-tweeting his message to there followers. Those people   obviously do not feel this as work, they did almost nothing. Yet they created value for the writer, and also indirectly for the publisher and bookstores. But there is another aspect that emerges here, by using Twitter Blom generated value from the network of people. Because of the people who re-tweet post to all their own networks of friends, colleagues and acquaintances, the information can spread widely. If people would not have such network, the message would not reach many people had so the message would had little value. This network of acquaintances Bourdieu described as social capital: The total existing of potential resources arising from the possession of a more or less institutionalized sustainable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition [] that each of its members is a so called spine in the collective capital. Using Twitter you   generate value from the contacts people have between each other their social capital is utilized. Hardt and Negri suggest that instead of the assembly line in the factory now the network has become the organizational model of production. Another interesting fact of using users twitter network, shows us that it actually   pays off to have a large social capital, in this case in the form of many followers. Reporter GeenStijl TV Rutger Castricum tweeted on february 18, 2011: Buy youre tickets from trnsavia, GREAT DEALS A few minutes later a re- tweet from Rutger, Haha, my holiday pack to ibiza is free, just before my first message transavia called me to put tweet   Buy youre tickets from trnsavia, GREAT DEALS on my porifle page and re twet to all my followers, in exchange they prmoised me free holiday to ibiza, GREAT. At that time Rutger Castricum had 8617 followers, the Transavia advertising was already   seen by rutgers 8617 followers. Airline Transavia knows popular people will have a large amount of followers thus there social capital is fairly high. Transavia used his popularity in their advertising campagne. As the second Tweet show, they sought contact with Rutger Castricum and asked him to post the first message on Twitter. Transavia asked rutger castrcum to perfom immaterial labor. Rutger Castricum did not think putting a tweet as performing labour, but still he perfomed labour which adds value to transavia. ListenRead phoneticallyBesides, in this case Castricum had a reward in a from of a free flight – from transavia. But this is very uncommon in twitter world. Allmost all the immaterial labour perform on twitter is with no reward in any forms. Generally people are tweeting without asking anything in return. This fits the description of Terra Nova Free Labor. At the moment when people produce something, such as information or knowledge, it can be exploited by large companies, who   basically   earn money by immaterial labor supplied by individuals. Terranova explains this as follows: If knowledge is inherently collective, it is even more so in the case of the postmodern cultural economy: music, fashion, and information are all produced collectively but are selectively compensated.[16] Companys are the actual earners earning money from immatrial labor perfomred on the net. People themselves often get nothing in return. This may be one reason why companies are active on Twitter. Firstly, there are many individuals who can help others with a certain message to get, and secondly it costs a company no money, they use the free labor of tweeters. Twitter as helpdesk Many people use Twitter as a guide or help desk.   All   the random questions of all kinds of subjects can be found on twitter. The reason why twitter is such a good source media is because , among others twitter has a very   large amount of people   using it. It appears that there is always someone who knows the answer   to a certain question. Basically this is the idea of wisdom of the crowd, or collective intelligence. In science, there is a disagreement about the usefulness and quality of collective intelligence. According to Surowiecki, the mass has a greater intelligence compared to   isolated individuals. With more people   you have a greater degree of knowledge. Twitter is an ideal medium for information, because with the increased mass there is a great knwldege to be found. A famous feature in Tweeter is the co salled daretoask. People who have a question, put in the   # daretoask in their Tweet question.   people wanting to answer a certain question can search with the # daretoask option. In this way, Twitter can be seen as a place where demand and supply of information meets each other. The reason why this certain way of twittering has become so popular is that it is very easy to tweet your question. You type in the question, you press send and within a few minutes you can expect some asnwers from other twitter users. Answering questions is immaterial labor, as it happens in peoples leisure time. It does not feel like work, but despite that there is something produced, people produce information for each other. Some companies have recognised   the simpliltiy of twitters option as a question and answer   for consumers . This is reflected in accounts of companies like T-Mobile, UPC and KLM. The Twitter Employees of these companies provide paid – immaterial labour and webcare. According to Social Media expert Blom, webcare can shortly be described as Listen. Monitor whats being said about you and respond, explain, help . When in december 2011 the coldest winter in recent years hits Netherlands and in other parts of Europe allot of   travellers stranded at airports around the world and it was chaos at airports. KLM received many questions over the phone and could not initially provide good service. The company decided to deploy social media, and it started to help people through Twitter and Face book. On their Twitter account www.twitter.com/klm they answered questions, provided information and tried to help people by getting them a replacement flight. The employees of KLM web care   performed immaterial labor on Twitter by putting information on Twitter and interact with their customers. After the situation was stable again, People started twittering positive tweets about KLM and their service. KLM   basically did not use the immaterial labor of those other tweeters, rather it was an unforeseen consequence of their service. But the principle remains the same. When a company provides a good service this can be twittered by individual tweeters. The immaterial labour they perform provide a positive buzz and name recognition, and so it added value to the company Other forms of twitter use As described in prvious chapter Apart from the five main ways twitter can be used by companies. Twitter can also be used in many other ways. The main reason why this dessertetion focuses on the main five reason as described above is   becausse of   the   extensive use of the intangible work of individual tweeters in above mentioned forms of twitter use by companies. For some companies selling is not the priorety. Slightly more than half of European companies keep an record about the brand image over past years, to effectively   measure this many companys choose to use twitter, 45 percent of EU companies are using social media to improve interaction between the company and the customer. And with the rising number of talk shows using twitter as a enetertaiment source, its important to remark briefly the other ways of twiiter use by companies. Celebrities Famous celebrities were largely the reason for the popularity of Twitter worldwide. When a celebrity twitters a interesting information all the major talk shows and or magazines will use this in there broadcast and or magazine as a entertainment source for potential customers. Politicians There are also politicians who twitter, some even very fanatic. The leader of Groen links ( Dutch politician party) , Femke Halsema, is very well known politici who use twitter. She   has about 50,000 followers Femke Halseme does not use tweitter only discusiing Politics but she is also using it for private life. Its a new trend for politicians people to talk about there personal life in twitter. Twitter Actions Companies like Dell and United Airlines have such a large number of followers that they offer special promotions on twitter. United Airlines promotes several airtickets to different destination only for the United airlines followers on twitter, they do this to get more followers, which will mean a well known image in future. One of the tweets United airlines wrote; ‘Canada Tware! Floridians†¦ looking to get out of the sun? Head up north with our Canada Tware! See details @ http://tinyurl.com/yexolla’[17] The word tware is a combination between Twitter and Fare. Meanwhile it has become a familiar term in Twitter world. Computer manufacturer Dell claims to earned over 6.5 million U.S. dollars in 2009 with twares. From Free Labor to Voluntary Immaterial Labor Much has been written about the exploitation of labor by companies in todays digital economy. In the article Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation Petersen gives a list of examples of the different ways social media websites make money based on the immaterial labor of their users. Also writers like Terra Nova and Scholz emphasize that everything at work is performed on social media sites operated by large companies. Terra Nova does that with her notion of Free Labor and Scholtz suggest that: [] forty percent of all web traffic is concentrated on ten websites [] Most of these sites owe their popularity to the wealth of content generated by the visiting net publics that spend significant amounts of time on these very, very few sites thus creating wealth for a handful of corporate owners.[18] this a very pessimistic way of economic thinking which is too much focused on the commercial activities of the companies making money on immaterial labor on the Web. It may well be that money is for individuals who work, but the approach of theorists described above   one-sided view. A Marxist Analysis of Free Labor on the Internet as Schultz describes, implies that ther is a underlying plan behind Twitter for companies to earn money. Petersen also implicitly says that when he talks about the emergence of Web 2.0 in ITS early commercial stage, the Internet Proved bad at selling commodities, but really good at creating opportunities hype and economic bubbles. Something else was needed though, and subtler forms of creating surplus evolved in Web 2.0’.[19]   In the case of Twitter it seems unlikely that there is such a preconceived plan because individuals are rather using twitter than companies. Only recently companies have discovered the power of Twitter, and only recently they use it for their marketing. Petersen concluded in his article by saying that we need to find a new theory of work. A theory on one side exploitting and includes the idea of free labor, and on the other side it also takes into the consedaration that people can experience the joy of contributing to certain sites. both factors are important in research into contemporary social media. However, doing qualitative research on twitter and twitter users, then it is more efficient not to involve exploitation side. The emphasis in the Schultz, Petersen and Terra Nova analysis is they focus too much on the capitalist system behind collaborative initiatives on the Internet. To research the motives of people who are active on Twitter, it is relevant to talk about an form of work that has nothing to do with money. In that kind of research or analysis its irrelevant who makes money from the labor perfomred by people on a certain website, that is rather a conseguqnece that a cause. Most people are not twitterin because they   want to make money: Twitter is completely independent of the capitalist system of profit and earn money for individuals. In Empire Hardt and Negri say that []t he cooperative aspect of immaterial labor [] from the outside [is] imposed or organized, as in earlier forms of work was. [] This fact has reservations about the old notion which labor power as variable capital is considered, ie, as a force that is activated and made ​​coherent only by capital. This, they indicate that the initiative for example to twittering comes from people themselves. It has nothing to do with the question whether companies persuade people to do work for them. People are   twittering because they like it or find it useful to get in touch with each other. In my opinion the term Free Labor   can be deleted   free labour implies an economic relationship between the employer and the employee. If you perform ​​Free Labor, you work for free for companies who make money out of youre free labour. Therfore in my opinion lazzaratos theory about Immaterial Labour, would be more accurate if its called voluntary immaterial labour. Twittering by individuals is totally voluntary, it has in terms of individual twitter nothing to do with economic relations. Voluntary Immaterial labor is seen as a form of immaterial labor in which there is no need to think about which individuals and businesses to earn money somewhere. The   immaterial labor perfomed by twitter users is done because they like it as a time killer or because it helps their social life in some way. According to Wilson and Musick work that has be done voluntarily – voluntary work is characterized with three things. First, it is a productive act, something is produced. This may be a physical product, but can be knowledge or care aswell. Therefore human capital is required: knowledge, skills and experience. Secondly, volunteering is always been   a certain degree of something collective. With Several people a goal is aimed. Therefore the social capital of voluntary immaterial labour of importantce. Finally, voluntary work is where people often assume   to show their ethical side. They want to do something good, and also show it to other people. Cultural capital have s certain importance in this case. This term comes from Bourdieu. He describes that any act of consumption is associated with showing your taste. In everything you consume you indicate what your preferences are. This also applies when you consume youre free time. By showing how you consume   your free time, you give actually describe   what kind of person you are. Wuthnow suggests that when someone does something voluntarily, he or she also immediately shows one of his/hers charactaristics   for example as someone who does something voluntarily. This allows the volunteer to see a sympathetic person. Doing Something voluntary in this case can contributae to someone status and prestige. In this way, Bourdieus concept of cultural capital help in finding the reason why people are twittering. These people do not naively stupid, ignorant that they are operated by companies, but using Bourdieus term is to argue that people are twittering their identity to propagate. That they want to show that they are good at the time, for example, or that they are engaged. In this way, Bourdieus concept of cultural capital can help in finding the reason why people are twittering. These people do not twitter because of stupidity,   now knowing that they are exploited   by companies, but using Bourdieus term it is clear   that people are twittering to   improve their identity. For example to show that they do care. In this analysis it is important to distinguish between the side of the business and the fact that content on the Internet has been exploited on the onehand and the reasons for poeple twittertinf on the other hand. These are two completely different aspects of Twitter, and can not reflect on the motives of someone to twitter with an constantly thoughtin the   mind as a Marxist voice is telling you   about shameless exploitation. You cant only associate twitter with volunatry immaterial labour, many social webiste such as Facebook, MSN and many more can be associated with volunatry immaterial labour. When a facebook users post a comment on his friends home page, this has nothing to do with the economical relationship, not between the two users and also not between the user and the company, its volunatry imaterial labour. This dessretetion is not a result from a naive view of the commercial world. Its completeley logical that companies wants to make money from volunatry immaterial labout performed on twitter by users. I just believe that contuniously retain to the Marxist notion of Free Labor, sientist and researchers cannot researcg and analyse to the motivations of thosewho perfrom immaterial labour. Conclusie Twitter is used   in many different ways by different companys in their marketing campaigns there is no general way how Twitter can be used for a company, it seems that each company must figure out which way works best for them. What many companies have in common though is the fact that they are partially dependent on the willingness of their followers to perform immaterial labor. As is sometimes asked to re-tweet a message, by sending it to each other and sometimes tweeters deliver information or content to media companies. Alot is written by Italian autonomists about immatrial labour, this includes labor which   is characterized by the idea that the worker dont see the work as a job, it does not feel like labour. The reason for this is because nothing physical has been produced,   however it is more the production   of information and the cultural aspects. The main characteristis of immaterial labor is the increasing difficulty to distinguish work time and leisure.   Terranova describes free labour as perfomring labour while not getting a reward in financial and or any other terms. Inherent to Free Labor, the assumption is that companies earn money by the labour that has been performed. In my opinion it is not always necessary   to approach labour in this way. In fact, when youre constantly aware of the fact that others make money from your work,   it possibly reduce   the enjoyment people can   have while performing an voluntary work on the internet.   I therefore recommends to discuss voluntary labor, when research has been done into the user side of Twitter. This term is not about capitalist relations between workers and companies and it instantly shows   the reason why people do participate in Social Media platforms, because they themselves want to do this.   Apart from that I do think that the notion of free labor may be retained. In other cases it is still relevant is that labor is exploited. For a further investigation it may be interesting to examine whatever the   reasons are   people twittering. To investigate this, my idea of voluntary immaterial labor can useful. With an investigation in that direction it can alsodive more content to this term, to cllasify different forms of voluntary Immaterial labor. It is also interesting to see in further research how twitter can be sued by compnays in detailed way. Does it really generate money, such as computer maker Dell claims? And what way I have described above works best for business? in business this can be an interesting issue. Reference [1] Graham, Paula. ‘Web 2.0 and why?’. Fossbox. Slide 5. 18-5-2010 http://fossbox.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/1-what-why-how.pdf [2] Thomases, Hollis. Twitter Marketing: an hour a day. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2010: p. 39. [3] Thomases, Hollis. Twitter Marketing: an hour a day. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2010: p. 39. [4] Thomases 2010: p. 87. [5] In: Cotà ©, M. The Italian Foucault: Subjectivity, Valorization, and Communication. Politics and Culture, 2003, issue 3. 13-4-2010 politicsandculture.org/2003/07/08/mark-cote-the-italian-foucault-subjectivity-val. [6] Lazzarato 1996: p. 4. [7] Terranova 2000: p. 37. [8] Davenport, T.H., J.C. Beck. The attention economy: Understanding the new currency of business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2002: p. 20. [9] Smythe, Dallas W. ‘On the Audience Commodity and its Work’, in M.G. Durham and D.M. Kellner (red.) Media and Cultural Studies. Key Works. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001: p. 256. [10] Petersen, Sà ¸ren Mà ¸rk. ‘Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation’. First Monday, Vol. 13, Nr. 3 (3-3-2008). 21-4-2010 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/ viewArticle/2141/1948 (Italics van de auteur, citaat komt van Dyer-Witheford, Nick. ‘Cyber–negri: General intellect and immaterial labor,’ In: T.S. Murphy and A.K. Mustapha, red. Resistance in practice: The philosophy of Antonio Negri. London: Pluto Press, 2005: p. 142) [11] In: Virno, Paolo. ‘General Intellect’. Vert. Arianna Bove. Generation Online, 2001. 22-4-2010 generation-online.org/p/fpvirno10.htm [12] ‘Haiti Earthquake. What we’re hearing’. 13-1-2010. CNN. 16-3-2010 cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/12/haiti.social.media/index.html [13] Thomas Jr., Greg. Building the buzz in the hive mind. Journal of Consumer Behaviour. 2004, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p 64. 17-5-2010 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112587927/PDFSTART [14] bron: http://twitter.com/rapid_razor_bob/status/9782685646 [15] bron: http://twitter.com/rapid_razor_bob/status/9785482413 [16] Terranova 2000: p. 42. [17] Bron: http://twitter.com/UnitedAirlines/status/11104848684 [18] Scholtz, Trebor. ‘What the MySpace generation should know about working for  free’. 3-4-2007. Collectivate.net. 25-4-2010 collectivate.net/journalisms/2007/4/3/what-the-myspace-generation-should-know-about-working-for-free.html [19] Petersen, 2010.